Short communicationPatient education and anesthesia choice for total knee arthroplasty☆
Introduction
Over 600,000 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is performed annually in the United States (US). This number is projected to increase 6 fold by 2030 [1]. Similar trends have been observed in European and other developed countries [2]. Spinal anesthesia (SA) has been shown to decrease postoperative complications, improve resource utilization and increase patient satisfaction when compared to general anesthesia (GA) in joint arthroplasty [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. Despite increasing evidence demonstrating benefits of regional over general [12], [13], [14], [15], less than 25% of patients undergoing TKA receive SA [7].
The choice of anesthesia for a TKA may be influenced by multiple factors. Some of these factors are clinically guided, such as comorbidities, coagulation status, and BMI. Patients are often not very familiar with the different anesthetic options available to them. It is the responsibility of the anesthesiologist to present anesthetic options, and carefully explain the risks and/or benefits of proceeding with one modality over another [16], [17]. In our institution, patients undergoing joints arthroplasty are offered an optional 3 h-long educational session (joints class) about their upcoming surgery. The class includes information about different anesthesia options, pros and cons of each technique.
The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that proper advanced preoperative education about the advantage of SA over GA in the setting of TKA is associated with a higher number of patients choosing a regional anesthetic.
Section snippets
Methods and statistics
This study was approved by the IRB of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine.
Results
1010 patients were identified to have unilateral primary TKA (Fig. 1). The rate of joint class attendance was 31%. 48% of patients received spinal anesthesia for their surgery. Patient characteristics are listed in (Table 1). Patients attending the joint class were significantly older than those who did not attend (p = 0.002). Attendance of the class was different among patients based on the attending surgeon (p = 0.001). Characteristics of patients attending the joint class are listed in (Table 2).
Discussion
Attendance of the preoperative joint education class was associated with higher odds of choosing spinal over general anesthesia. Patients treated by certain surgeons were also more likely to receive spinal anesthesia. Patients’ age, ASA status, insurance carrier, and regional training of the individual anesthesiologist were not associated with an increase in the rate of spinal anesthesia.
Preoperative patient education is certainly not a new concept and has been an increasingly studied topic.
Funding
This study was funded by Education and Development Fund, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania.
Authors’ contributions
Nabil M. Elkassabany helped design the study, conduct the study, and analyze the data. Nabil M. Elkassabany has seen the original study data, reviewed the analysis of the data, approved the final manuscript, and is the author responsible for archiving the study files.
Daniel Abraham helped conduct the study and write the manuscript. Daniel Abraham has seen the original study data, reviewed the analysis of the data, and approved the final manuscript.
Stephanie Huang helped conduct the study and
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared that no conflicts of interest.
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Information for LWW regarding depositing manuscript into PubMed Central: This paper does not need to be deposited in PubMed Central. This manuscript describes human research. IRB contact information: IRB7, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. This study was conducted with approval of the IRB. This report describes a retrospective cohort study. This manuscript was not screened for plagiarism.